Les missions du poste
Thanks to the precision of ANAP labelling, improvement of the time resolution of the VCF devices, and two-color VCF that will allow monitoring simultaneously two distinct labeled positions, the work will allow a detailed investigation of many regions of the protein, especially the coupling region at the ECD-TMD interface and the TMD itself which holds the channel gates for activation and desensitization. The project will likely unravel intermediate phenotypes but other unanticipated phenotypes are also likely to arise, contributing to the exploration and understanding of GlyR dynamics. It will also refine our understanding of the mechanism of action of natural and synthetic ligands, some of which holding promises in therapeutics.
Le profil recherché
Bienvenue chez Doctorat.Gouv.Fr
Dans ce contexte, nous avons mis en oeuvre la technique de « Voltage-Clamp fluorométrie » (VCF) au laboratoire pour enregister la dynamique conformationnelle du récepteur alpha1GlyR exprimé à la membrane plasmique d'une cellule vivante. Dans cette technique, le GlyR, exprimé dans les ovocytes de Xénope, est marqué par fluorescence à diverses positions par incorporation d'une cystéine et réaction avec un groupement rhodamine. L'ovocyte est ensuite enregistré en temps réel par électrophysiologie, qui enregistre l'ouverture des canaux, et simultanément par fluorescence, qui enregistre la réorganisation structurale locale autour du colorant rhodamine greffé. Cette technique nous a permis d'identifier des conformations intermédiaires du GlyR et d'un autre canal pentamérique (5HT3R), où le domaine extracellulaire s'est activé mais le canal est resté fermé. Cependant, la technique de marquage à la cystéine-rhodamine est limitée aux régions de la protéine accessibles aux solvants et le groupement rhodamine est volumineux, ce qui empêche une interprétation précise des changements de fluorescence en termes de mouvements structuraux.
Pour surmonter ces limitations, nous avons récemment développé l'incorporation directe d'un petit acide aminé non naturel (ANAP) par la méthode de suppression des codons. Le projet consistera à générer et étudier par VCF plusieurs positions ANAP du GlyR au sein ou à proximité du domaine transmembranaire. Ces régions n'ont jamais été explorées par VCF. Nous améliorerons également notre dispositif VCF en utilisant un composé de glycine « cagé » qui permettra d'administrer avec une impulsion lumineuse l'agoniste en moins d'une milliseconde pour mesurer les événements cinétiques rapides. Enfin, nous utiliserons la VCF 2-couleurs pour mesurer simultanément deux positions marquées respectivement à la rhodamine et à l'ANAP. Les différentes constructions seront testées par la glycine (agoniste complet), les agonistes partiels comme la taurine et la strychnine (antagoniste) ainsi que les modulateurs allostériques. Les données seront interprétées dans le cadre des modèles fonctionnels actuels, des structures cryo-EM connues et de simulations de dynamique moléculaire réalisées en collaboration.
Grâce à la précision du marquage ANAP, à l'amélioration de la résolution temporelle et à la VCF 2-couleurs, les travaux permettront une étude détaillée de nombreuses régions de la protéine, en particulier la voie de couplage et le domaine transmembranaire qui contient les portes du canal gouvernant son activation et sa désensibilisation. Le projet permettra probablement de découvrir des phénotypes intermédiaires, mais d'autres phénotypes imprévus seront probablement observés, contribuant ainsi à l'exploration et à la compréhension de la dynamique du GlyR. Cela permettra également d'affiner notre compréhension du mécanisme d'action des ligands naturels et synthétiques, dont certains sont prometteurs au plan thérapeutique.
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), including nicotinic acetylcholine, 5HT3, GABAA and glycine receptors (GlyRs) are key players of neuronal communication in the brain, the spinal cord, and the periphery. Among them, GlyRs play a critical role in motor coordination, vision and audition and are promising pharmacological targets for treatment of chronic pain, autism, cancer, and the startle disease (hyperekplexia)1. pLGICs are present typically at chemical synapses, where they mediate chemo-electric transduction. The binding of neurotransmitter within their extracellular domain (ECD) triggers global conformational changes, generating in the transmembrane domain (TMD) fast channel opening, followed by slow desensitization. The electrophysiological response of pLGICs is classically described by a minimal allosteric model involving resting (R), active (A), and desensitized (D) states. However, it is more and more appreciated that pLGICs explore a wider conformational landscape and are regulated by many effectors in physiological conditions. In the last decade and thanks to the revolution in cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), the field has rapidly advanced with >100 high-resolution structures of pLGICs currently available in the PDB. These structures deliver information obtained in highly non-physiological conditions, e.g., in vitreous ice and outside from the plasma membrane (in detergent or lipid nano disks), that raise concern about their functional relevance. Conversely, functional measurements like electrophysiology provide direct information on the physiologically relevant states and energetics with little structural information.
In this context, we implemented the voltage-clamp fluorometry (VCF) technique in the lab to monitor the conformational dynamics of the alpha1 GlyR expressed at the plasma membrane of a living cell. In this technique, the GlyR, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, is fluorescently labelled at various positions through incorporation of a cysteine and reaction with a rhodamine dye. The oocyte is then recorded in real time by electrophysiology, that monitors channel opening, and simultaneously by fluorescence, that monitors the local structural reorganization around the grafted rhodamine dye. This technique allowed us to identify intermediate conformations of the GlyR2 and the 5HT3R3, where the extracellular domain activated but the channel remained closed. Investigation of ligands of different nature (agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators), as well as of receptor mutations altering the allosteric equilibria, show that the receptor displays a marked structural flexibility that is not accounted by the cryo-EM structures. We are also closely collaborating with a group of computational scientists' expert in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (Marco Cecchini, Strasbourg Univ) to bridge the gap between VCF and Cryo-EM data. We notably showed that the intermediate conformation of the GlyR corresponds to a particular tau-closed cryo-EM structure that shows high structural flexibility and pharmacological plasticity in MD2.
However, the cysteine-rhodamine labelling technique is limited to solvent accessible regions of the protein, and the dye is large, precluding precise interpretation of the fluorescence changes in terms of structural motions. We are currently implementing the incorporation of a fluorescent unnatural amino acid ANAP by the codon suppression method4. ANAP has two distinctive advantages over TAMRA: 1/ ANAP is much smaller that cysteine-TAMRA thus sensing local molecular motions. In addition, we plan to generate ANAP-tryptophane pairs, incorporating a tryptophan nearby ANAP to quench its fluorescence upon direct contact, thereby allowing semi-quantitative evaluation of C-C distance changes between two neighboring residues (see for instance5); 2/ ANAP can be virtually incorporated in any regions of the protein, including the TMD and intracellular domain (ICD) that were neither studied by VCF. We will perform a systematic mapping of ANAP incorporation in the ECD, TMD and its interface with the ICD, followed by incorporation of a nearby tryptophane.
In parallel, we will improve our in house VCF devices : 1/ we will combine VCF with the use of a caged glycine derivative, the home made Rubi-Gly designed similarly to Rubi-GABA6,7. It will allow delivering with a light pulse the agonist in less than a millisecond to measure fast kinetics events, and 2/ we will perform simultaneous recordings of receptors labelled with both TAMRA and ANAP using an in-house two-color VCF setup. These ameliorations will be conducted by an expert physicist who will be co-encadrent of the PhD.
The techniques used will be molecular biology to generate the constructs, DNA and ANAP injection in oocytes, two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology to characterize the constructs, VCF. All techniques are mastered in the lab. The student will interpret the data according to allosteric models and relate them to the cryo-EM structures available in the PDB and MD data delivered by our collaborator.
Publiée le 25/05/2026 - Réf : 1eadb01a98c4f245ee3b101fd8205b2c